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A person’s health story does not begin at birth. It begins earlier, in the quiet months when organs form, hormones calibrate, immune cells learn their first lessons, and metabolism starts reading signals from the world outside. That idea can feel surprising because ageing is usually framed as something that happens later. We talk about wrinkles, heart health, memory, diet, exercise, and sleep in adulthood. Yet research increasingly points to a deeper timeline. The body may ca

A woman can survive childbirth and still leave the experience with a life-altering injury that keeps her isolated for years. That is the cruel reality of obstetric fistula, a preventable childbirth injury most often linked to prolonged obstructed labour and delayed access to timely, safe caesarean section. The three delays model still matters because it explains why this injury persists even where maternity clinics, antenatal campaigns, skilled birth attendance targets, and r

PCOS can make fertility treatment look deceptively straightforward. Many people with polycystic ovary syndrome produce a high number of follicles during stimulation, so IVF cycles may retrieve plenty of eggs. Yet the final outcome can still be uncertain because egg maturity, embryo quality, implantation, miscarriage risk, and metabolic health all sit in the same equation. That is where the IVF versus ICSI question becomes more complex. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or ICS